ARTICLE 1 on National Territory of the 1987 Philippine Constitution includes “all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction…including its territorial sea, the sea-bed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine areas”.
Moreover, the second sentence of the definition of Philippine National Territory further includes its archipelagic waters: “The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breath and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.”




Roman P. Mosqueda has practiced criminal defense and Immigration law for over 20 years. He is a long-time member of the California Public Defenders Association. , and trained as a prosecutor with the Los Angeles City Attorney under the Trial Advocacy Program of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. He is also a volunteer, State-Bar trained arbitrator on attorney’s fees dispute resolution. Send comments or inquiries to 



















